Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken, as well as
written, language designed in the hope of removing a large portion of
the ambiguity from human communication. It was made well-known by a
Scientific American article and references in both science
fiction and computer publications. Lojban has been built over five
decades by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

G3.Who is involved in the Lojban project?

Key people are listed on the community page.

G4.How many people are there in the Lojban community? How many can use Lojban?

As of March 2010, close to two thousand people from around the world have developed an interest in Lojban to the point of ordering a book or joined a Lojban
List . At any given time, there are at least 50 to 100 active participants (people who will respond if you ask a question on one of the email lists or in IRC chat room, for example). A number of them can hold a real-time conversation in the language.

G5.What is LogFest / jbonunsla ?

LogFest is the annual gathering of the Logical Language Group. We are required by an LLG bylaw to have
an annual meeting. Every year we have a Lojban Convention for any and all in
the community who are willing
to come. LogFest was traditionally held at lojbab's house in Fairfax VA, a suburb of
Washington DC, usually over a weekend in July or August. We have typically had
around 20 people come for part or all of the weekend. Some of these people are
among the more committed Lojbanists, and around half the attendees typically
are at beginner skill levels. Usually several people travel a substantial
distance in order to attend, and those people are often treated as a guests of
honor and are given first consideration for choosing the activities on which we
focus.

Other than giving those who had to
travel furthest preference in picking topics, LogFest is largely
unstructured, in part because we don't know who or how many are coming
until a couple of days before things start. LogFest is what the
community chooses to make it. Because the official LLG meeting occurs during Logfest,
some of the major decisions affecting the Lojban community tend
to get made there.

In 2005 and 2006, the annual gatherings started being held at science fiction conventions.

The name "LogFest" is a holdover from Loglan. The word for it in Lojban is "jbonunsla".

G6.What is the difference between the Reference Grammar and the Complete Lojban Language?

The Reference Grammar is online; The Complete Lojban Language is the hard-copy book version. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

G7.Is there a more complete introduction to Lojban than this FAQ?

Yes! You can read or download What Is Lojban?, also known as the Level Zero book, edited by
Nick Nicholas and John Woldemar Cowan. This book makes an
excellent introduction to lojban.

RESOURCES

R1.What is the best way to start learning Lojban?

We recommend the following:

You can read or download What Is Lojban?, also known as the Level Zero book, edited by Nick Nicholas and John Woldemar Cowan. This book makes an excellent introduction to lojban.
Work through Lojban For Beginners.
Read through the Reference Grammar — reading for concepts, not detail.
Create a cheat sheet with lists of cmavo you're likely to need.
Read and write Lojban texts using the Reference Grammar and your cheat sheets for reference. Post your translated text to the Lojban List for feedback.
If you get serious about it, use Logflash or Quizlet (register and join the Lojban Group) to help you memorize vocabulary.

If some concepts in any of the above resources seem unclear, post
your questions to the Lojban List.

R2.How can I look up cmavo when I am translating from Lojban?

Use one of these: - print yourself out the complete gismu list, the current lujvo list, and the complete
cmavo list as well as the complete rafsi list - refer to the online dictionary.

R3.Sources of text to read?

There are many. You can find a complete list here. Take your pick from original or translated, short or long, prose or poetry, currently-being-worked-on or completed-and-reviewed.

The Lojban List will have discussion in Lojban from time to time. There is also
now a Lojban-only list called jbosnu ("Lojbanic Discussers").

ju'i lobypli (Attention! Lojbanic Users) usually have several examples
of commented text, though early issues may have some obsolete words or
usages.

Other Lojbanists publish Web pages, some with Lojban texts and some
entirely in Lojban. Here are
some interesting sites.

Stuff on paper can be ordered from the Logical Language Group; however it is much better if you can
retrieve stuff directly off the net.

R4.What messages are appropriate for the Lojban List?

Beginners are encouraged to post. Anything is appropriate as long as
the title approximately reflects the content and you're not selling
magazine subscriptions or mail-order brides (exception: even THAT is OK
if the post is written in Lojban!). You can post on any subject in
Lojban, or about Lojban in any language. You can post in any language
you think people will understand.

R5.Are there archives? WWW site? ftp site?

There are archives of some of the more recent e-mail list messages on this website, while others
are stored at Yahoo. See the mailing
lists page.

R6.What is available in languages other than English?

There are brochures in Spanish (Nincs ilyen mellÃ©klet ezen az oldalon), French
(Nincs ilyen mellÃ©klet ezen az oldalon),
Esperanto,
and Russian.
Jorge and Jose have translated the gismu list into Spanish (Nincs ilyen mellÃ©klet ezen az oldalon).

R7.What software is available?

Up-to-date information is available at the lojban software
tools page on the main site. Below are direct links to some of the
software directly associated with the LLG.

Logflash 1 - teaches gismu; Turbo-Pascal
source code (not well-documented) is available

Logflash 3 - teaches cmavo

Lojban Parser - the definitive standard of Lojban grammar; verifies the
Lojban grammar in a text

Lojban Parser/Glosser (includes the parser, roughly glosses text to
English)

Lujvo-maker program

Prolog Semantic Analyzer

Random Sentence Generator - updated version in progress, the available
version has somewhat obsolete grammar definitions

TECHNICAL

T1.(Glossary) In English descriptions of lojban, I see lojban words used, as well as lojban jargon. What do these mean?

Here are APPROXIMATE definitions.

Note: Words in ALL CAPS on the Lojban List often refer to Lojban parts of speech. the English-language
phonetic translation of ' (single quote) is "h",
so when this convention is used, "h" is used as the "capitalization" of
'. So in English-language discussion, the
lojban part of speech contaning the word la'e (the referent of a sumti) would be "LAhE".

attitudinal: A Lojban interjection (corresponding to "Wow!" or "Eek!" in English, only lojban has many more)

audiovisual isomorphism: Used to describe the fact that spoken and written Lojban have the same form

bridi: Lojban sentence—a predicate

brivla: Any word that can state a relationship among several objects or concepts, and thus be the core word in a Lojban bridi - a predicate word

cmavo: A little word showing structure rather than carrying meaning. The current cmavo list is available, but it isn't very easy to read!

cmene: Lojban names

evidential: Special word indicating how the speaker got their information

fu'ivla: Borrowed word

gadri: Lojban article or determiner—signals the start of a sumti

gismu: Basic 5-letter lojban root word; the basic gismu list is available here

ju'i lobypli (Attention! Lojbanic Users) (also known as JL): A Lojban newsletter/journal. Publication is currently suspended, but we are hoping to resume publication in future. Back issues are available online.

le lojbo karni (The Lojbanic Journal) (also known as LK): A Lojban newsletter intended to keep our lowest level of supporters informed as to what is going on (in hopes of inspiring greater activity). Also currently suspended.

le'avla: The old word for fu'ivla

Logical Language Group (LLG): The Logical Language Group is legally in charge of the development and maintenance of lojban. It also works to promote the use of lojban throughout the world.

lujvo: Compound word

modal: A word for sumtcita whose exact derivation is lost in the history of the Lojban project

pe'i: An attitudinal meaning "In my opinion"

place structure: The specified canonical order of bridi, so that you know who is doing what to whom.

rafsi: Building block(s) of lujvo compound words

selbri: The part of a Lojban sentence that expresses the relationship between the various objects (sumti)

selma'o: Part of speech

slinku'i: A hypothetical borrowed word, which would not be legal because it could be interpreted as parts of other words in some contexts.

sumti: An object or idea which may be related to others, that relationship being expressed in a Lojban bridi

sumtcita: Lojban prepositions/adverbs

tanru: A phrase formed of two or more Lojban brivla

TLI: The Loglan Institute

T2.How do you borrow words from other languages?

There are four ways to borrow words. Only the most common method is
covered here; see the Lojban Reference Grammar (Chapter 4, Section 7) for more detail.
Borrowed words are called fu'ivla, meaning approximately "copied words"
(after all, "borrowing" implies we're going to give them back someday!).

The use of lujvo is not always appropriate
for very concrete or specific terms (e. g. "brie," or "cobra"), or for
jargon words specialized to a narrow field (e. g. "quark," "integral,"
or "iambic pentameter"). These words are in effect names for
concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language.
The vast majority of names for plants, animals, foods, and scientific
terminology cannot be easily expressed as tanru. They thus must be "borrowed" (actually,
taken) into Lojban from the original language, forming words called fu'ivla.

The word must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted rafsi is then attached to the
beginning of the Lojbanized form, usually using a vocalic consonant as
"glue" to ensure that the resulting word doesn't fall apart. The rafsi categorizes or limits the
meaning of the fu'ivla;
otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other
languages (such as "integral"), would require a choice made as to which
meaning should be assigned to the fu'ivla.

fu'ivla, like other
brivla, are not permitted
to have more than one definition.

Summarizing the most common method to make fu'ivla:

Lojbanize the word to be borrowed by the methods used for cmene.
Convert all "y"s to some other vowel or to a vocalic consonant.
Modify the ending to be a vowel, either by dropping a final consonant or by adding an extra vowel.
Modify the beginning to be a consonant, either by adding an extra consonant or dropping an initial vowel.
Choose a gismu (not a rafsi) that categorizes the fu'ivla into a "topic area." Replace the final vowel of the gismu with a vocalic "r".
Prefix the modified fu'ivla.

Examples:

English	*lojban*
spaghetti	cidjrspageti or djarspageti
maple tree	tricrmeipli
maple sugar	saktrmeipli
mathematical integral	cmacrnintegra or cmacrntegra
brie	cirlrbri
cobra	sincrkobra
quark	saskrkuarka
iambic	pemcrniambo

A fu'ivla thus
consists of three parts: the classifier, the glue, and the borrowed part

The quintessential example is djarspageti,
meaning "spaghetti." dja is the classifier: it
is the short form rafsi for
cidja, meaning "food." "r" is the glue: it is
necessary to keep the word from falling into two parts. spageti is the Lojbanized version of "spaghetti."
The classifier is glued on the front for two reasons: it helps identify
strange borrowings, and it prevents borrowings that happen to coincide
with things that are already Lojban words. For example if you borrowed
the word "spageti" directly, it could lead to ambiguity in a phrase like

ko bevri re spageti palta

which could mean "Bring two plates of spaghetti" or something like
"Be a carrying-reptile and a plate made of this":

ko bevri respa ge ti palta

In a natural language there would be no doubt which of the two was
meant, but Lojban is constructed so that you shouldn't need to
understand the sentence to know where one word ends and the next begins.

T3.Isn't it confusing that some rafsi are identical to cmavo?

No, it isn't. In theory you can tell completely from the neighboring
syllables whether something is a rafsi. This is how the computer is able to parse
Lojban without understanding its meaning. For example the dei in bavlamdei ("tomorrow") is a rafsi for
"day," not the cmavodei, a special pronoun meaning "this sentence." We
know which is which because Lojban words can't end in a consonant, so
deimust be a part of bavlamdei; "bavLAM" can't be a whole word. (No, it
can't be a name, either. Names end with a consonant followed by a pause,
written as a ".") In practice you can also use
your knowledge of the meanings of the words to help with this; it is
possible to think up a sentence like

la bavLAM. dei cusku,

"Bavlam says this sentence.", but it is not likely in practice if
you don't know anyone named "Bavlam"!

T4.Why do some texts use "h" instead of ' (single quote), or have parentheses, or other non-standard conventions?

Aesthetic reasons. And Rosta in
particular thinks mohi looks better in print
than mo'i (space motion) and sometimes uses it
the hopes that he can influence the Lojban community to accept this other spelling convention. This is purely a
difference in spelling; they are pronounced the same, and should be
considered different ways of writing the same "letter." This alternate
spelling also is somewhat closer to the spelling of TLI Loglan. There is another similar spelling
convention, which has never been used, designed to make Lojban look more
familiar to potential converts from TLI. This
alternate convention may be found in the Lojban Reference Grammar.

There are a number of other non-standard spelling conventions:

And Rosta has (or at least had) a style in which
' (single quote) is omitted altogether where
the vowels couldn't possibly be stuck together; for example, he'd write
coe for co'e (unspecified bridi), since "oe" is not a legal combination. He has used
"." (period) as in English, to end a sentence, rather than as a pause.
He has capitalized the first word of the sentence.

Xod often
uses / (a forward slash) or parentheses to mark clauses out when writing
in lojban. He also uses a single capital letter for acronyms instead of
the lojban letterals (i.e. A instead of .abu.).

There have been others. In general, they are all quite understandable
by a competent lojbanic person, with the possible exception of And's
removal of ' (single quote).

T5.Why does it have a special meaning when the selbri comes first?

In Loglan it used to be a command, but now we use either ko
(imperative) or attitudinals. In
a simple bridi, having the selbri at the beginning make it an
observative, which means you ar
stating that you are observing the relationship in question (much like
saying "Fire!" in English, except without necessarily carrying emotional
connotations).

In a ''poi
broda'' (which does/is something-or-other) phrase, it is likely that
you'll want x₁ to be ke'a and to
explicitly state x₂. If verb-initial ordering (also called
V-initial) wasn't special, and if syntax within a poi (restrictive clause) was consistent with
sentence-level syntax, then you'd have to explicitly use fe (second sumti place) or zo'e (unspecified it) or ke'a to get to the x₂. For example, now
we say

le nanmu poi prami mi (The man which loves
me)

and the x₁ of prami (love) is
elided, and we can assume it is ke'a, which here
equals le nanmu (The/a man/men). Without this
special treatment of V-initial, we'd have to say

le nanmu poi ke'a prami mi (The man which
loves me)

le nanmu poi ke'a mi prami. (The man which
loves me)

So: it saves 2 syllables in what is arguably the most common way of
using poi (restrictive clause). May or may not
be worth it, depending on how you value word-order flexibility vs.
brevity. In general it lets you easily get to x₂ in sentences
without an x₁.

Remember: There's always more than one way to do it in lojban.

T6.Why are there so many words for AND? Why not just let ".e" (and, between sumti) connect two bridi, bridi-tails (a predicate and a sumti), or anything else?

We use different connectives for different scopes. Doing so helps
the listener keep track of what exactly the speaker wants connected.
This is much more important in speech than in text, because in
text you can re-read and ponder. If you have a multi-part nested sumti joined to another
multi-part nested sumti,
having clear indicators of scope may make the sentence understandable
when otherwise it is not. It is therefore hoped that spoken Lojban and
written Lojban can be similar in level of complexity. (You know, audiovisual isomorphism.)

T7.Is the 's' at the end of lojbanized names (such as 'noras.') silent?

No. 'noras.' is really pronounced with an 's' at the end.

Some languages can borrow names with virtually no changes, but Lojban is one of the languages that sometimes requires quite heavy modification of the names. Specifically, all Lojban words of the class cmene must always end in a consonant. Sometimes, this requires removing a vowel at the end, or adding a consonant. By convention, this is often 's', but it could be any consonant.

If names were not changed this way, some of them could be mistaken for other words, or sequences of words. In this case, were there no 's' at the end, 'nora' would read as 'no ra', ie. "none of them"! This distinction is as important in speech as in writing, so names, as any other Lojban word, must be pronounced exactly as written. There are no silent letters in Lojban.

PROJECT STATUS

PS1.What parts of the language are well worked out, and which parts are in flux?

As of 1997, the language design has been baselined for a minimum of
5 years after the publication of the three books: the reference grammar,
the dictionary, and the textbook. Since the latter two are not near
publication, this means that no changes to the language will even be
considered until at least 2006. This baseline is non-negotiable, even if
we enter into discussions with The Loglan Institute to reunite the
Loglan community now that JCB has passed on.

The phonology, orthography, and morphology have been essentially
stable since 1988, except for a slight change in what counts as a legal
fu'ivla. The gismu list has been stable since 1988, except
that about 25 gismu have
been added and 2 gismu had minor changes up
until 1994, but since then only clarifications of confusing wording have
been made to the official baseline gismu list, and they are now considered
baselined. The rafsi have
been unchanged since 1993, when around 20% were changed in a final
tuning before baselining them. Much existing text has not been updated
after the rafsi change, so
texts dated before 1993 may be confusing. The grammar has been basically
stable since 1993, was under careful documented control after that date,
and frozen with the publication of The Complete Lojban Language in 1997. The cmavo list has been baselined since 1997, though
new compounds may be defined through usage. The only area not frozen is
the addition of new words to the lexicon through borrowing (lujvo). Those two productive
areas are open-ended; a primary limitation on the language definition is
the inability to record and define new coinings as fast as they are
invented.

The basic semantics of the language are stable. There are still
ongoing disputes about "how to say it best in Lojban"; we expect these
to continue indefinitely. As a matter of policy, changes even to Lojban
non-baselined usages, if they would require people to re-learn things,
are resisted vigorously. Almost anything that practical people (i.e.
beginners) would actually use is well worked out, debugged and stable.
Points of controversy include highly technical philosophical issues such
as whether empty sets are or are not excluded as the candidate referent
set of a sumti, or whether
current grammar is adequate to represent all possible forms of indirect
questions. The answers are very important to the language definition (no
joke), but people have been speaking natural languages for years without
knowing the answers, so don't worry about Lojban. And you don't have to
know what lambda calculus is. The major point of controversy that is
significant to beginners is a feeling in some quarters that the policies
used to design the place (argument, gismu (basic predicate words) were not exactly
optimal. Sometimes the semantics of the less-used places are at issue.
Officially, we'll go with what we have to preserve the investment people
have made in learning the language, and after the baseline period is
over, those who are actually speaking the language will be allowed to
discuss changes in Lojban. There are no plans to ever seriously discuss
changes to the language other than in Lojban.

PS2.What are the most current revisions of each part of the language descriptions?

The versions found on the Lojban web site are definitive, except that the printed version of The Lojban Reference Grammar ( which is called The Complete Lojban Language ) takes precedence over the HTML version. Working
drafts of books in preparation are maintained on lojbab's home computers, and may be slightly updated
from the on-line versions.

PS3.What projects are being worked on? When will they be done?

The Complete Lojban Language is of course complete and published.

For a current list of ongoing projects, see
the Official LLG Projects page,
the Old LLG Committees page, and
the wiki ongoing projects page.

WHEN?

Projects are all being done by volunteers, and therefore will be
done when people finish them. We've promised dates in the past and
invariably been wrong. The priorities are for the dictionary and the
introductory materials book, with the latter more likely to come out
earlier than the former. Publication of books is severely hampered by
finances (anyone with money is welcome to donate!), and the lack of
ability to publish in the short term has tended to hurt motivation and
productivity of those working on those publications.

PS4.What can I do to help?

A few possibilities:

Post beginner questions on the Lojban List and don't be intimidated
Tell about yourself and your interests (in Lojban preferably, but English is OK) on the Lojban List
Write in Lojban on the Lojban List
Write something in Lojban (Try to write something new—translation of literature is not generally a good or easy beginner exercise).
Study Lojban vocabulary using LogFlash or flashcards
Come to LogFest in July/August in Fairfax VA (near Washington, DC), USA.
Try expressing yourself in Lojban
Invite others to join a live IRC chat in or about Lojban
Keep a diary in Lojban
Check out the Projects and the Committees pages for new and ongoing projects
Send money to the LLG using PayPal

HISTORICAL

H1.How was the default selbri determined? (There does not appear to be any rhyme or reason for the order of gismu''.)

They went through a lot of revisions; it is something in-between
planning and evolution. There is a considerable amount of system there,
but it is ill-documented.

The nice thing to know is that you don't have to memorize the place structures. Just using the language,
you will come to have a feel for which places are present and in what
order.

Most people who take the time to become familiar with the language find that
with practice, they begin to develop a sense of what the place structures ought
to be. Conveniently, their sense usually matches up with the
definition.

H2.How did the gismu get made: discussion, etymology examples?

There is a
full set of etymologies on the file server.
There is some explanation available, including samples (broken link),
and a more verbose description in the
Level 0 package and at the Lojban Etymology Information page.

The etymologies in 6 languages and the scoring for each language are given, in
order Chinese/English/Hindi/Spanish/Russian/Arabic—a 0 score means that
the language made no contribution to the word, and thus its etymological
keyword did not matter. The languages were weighted. While new gismu are not being made, lojbab updates the weighting based on estimated numbers of
first and second language speakers every couple of years. The original and 1999
weights are available online.

H3.What is the difference between Loglan and Lojban? How is Loglan-82 related?

James Cooke Brown ( JCB )
came up with the idea of Loglan in the 1940s and starting inventing the
language around 1955. It has been evolving ever since. In 1982-4 or so
there was a political disagreement and the Loglan community fell apart.
A couple of years later, Bob LeChevalier (lojbab), then working with JCB,
attempted to resurrect the community. This led to a falling out based on
JCB's proprietary intellectual property claims on the language. The community

split into two efforts, with JCB at the head of of the Loglan effort,
The Loglan Institute (TLI), and (lojbab) at the head of the
Lojban effort, the Logical Language Group (LLG). The
latter is Lojban, which LLG (backed up by a court
decision) considers a subcategory of Loglan. Sadly, JCB passed away in 2000. It is unclear if the Loglan organization has
leadership capable of sustaining the effort. A more lengthy discussion
of the issues can be found in the article
The Loglan-Lojban Dispute, and in ju'i lobypli (Attention!
Lojbanic Users).

lojbab makes occasional efforts to spark discussion
that would lead to reunification of the efforts behind Lojban, although no
consideration will be given to abandoning the Lojban baseline.

Loglan-82 is a completely unrelated computer language developed in
Poland by people unaware of the existence of the Loglan/Lojban project.

H4.Why do older Lojban texts (before 1993) not make much sense sometimes?

Lojban has been quite stable since 1992-3, when the last significant
changes were made (since then, most "changes" have been additions to the
language which did not make older text invalid). The last changes to the
gismu list were made in
1992, and in 1993 the rafsi in Lojban word-making.
There is a translation table
from the older rafsi to the final set.

PRONUNCIATION

B1.I'm not quite sure I understand the written descriptions of how the vowels sound.

Here is a link to a vowel sound file in Ogg Vorbis format.

Gyakran IsmÃ©telt KÃ©rdÃ©sek

Lojban GYIK

TartalomjegyzÃ©k

ÃltalÃ¡nos kÃ©rdÃ©sek

Anyagok

TECHNICAL

PROJECT STATUS

HISTORICAL

PRONUNCIATION

GENERAL

RESOURCES

TECHNICAL

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HISTORICAL

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KeresÃ©s Lojban anyagokban

Translations

Page actions

Gyakran IsmÃ©telt KÃ©rdÃ©sek

Lojban GYIK

TartalomjegyzÃ©k

ÃltalÃ¡nos kÃ©rdÃ©sek

Anyagok

TECHNICAL

PROJECT STATUS

HISTORICAL

PRONUNCIATION

GENERAL

RESOURCES

TECHNICAL

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HISTORICAL

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KeresÃ©s Lojban anyagokban

ÃltalÃ¡nos kÃ©rdÃ©sek